Four Noble Truths : 3 Perspectives (tiparivaṭṭa) and 12 Aspects (dvādasākāra)

 

THE BUDDHA HAS FULLY UNDERSTOOD, THUS: 

(a) ‘This is the noble truth that is dukkha.’ 

(b) ‘This noble truth that is dukkha is to be fully understood’ 

(c) ‘This noble truth that is dukkha has been fully understood’ 

THE BUDDHA HAS FULLY ABANDONED CRAVING, THUS: 

(a) ‘This is the noble truth that is the arising of dukkha.’ 

(b) ‘This noble truth, that is, the arising of dukkha should be abandoned.’ 

(c) ‘This noble truth, that is, the arising of dukkha has been abandoned.’ 

THE BUDDHA HAS FULLY REALIZED NIRVANA, THUS: 

(a) ‘This is the noble truth that is the ending of dukkha.’ 

(b) ‘This noble truth that is the ending of dukkha should be realized.’ 

(c) ‘This noble truth that is the ending of dukkha has been realized.’ 

THE BUDDHA HAS FULLY CULTIVATED THE PATH, THUS: 

(a) ‘This is the noble truth that is the path [practice] leading to the ending of dukkha.’ 

(b) ‘This noble truth that is the path leading to the ending of dukkha should be cultivated.’—thus, bhikshus, regarding what are unheard before, there arose in me vision, there arose knowledge, there arose wisdom, there arose insight, there arose light. 

(c) ‘This noble truth that is the path leading to the ending of dukkha has been cultivated.’